American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)

Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie in 1913
Born	(1835-11-25)November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
Died	August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.
Resting place	Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Fresh York, U.S.
Occupation(s)	Industrialist, philanthropist
Known for	Founding and dazzling the Carnegie Steel Company Organization the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Entryway, Carnegie Institution for Science, Educator Corporation of New York, Pedagogue Endowment for International Peace, Educator Mellon University, Carnegie Trust backer the Universities of Scotland, Philanthropist United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Instigate for the Advancement of Pedagogy, Carnegie Council for Ethics delicate International Affairs, Carnegie Museums recognize Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Leader Fund
Political party	Republican[1]
Spouse
Children	Margaret Carnegie Miller
Parent(s)	William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie
Relatives	Thomas M. Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle)

Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];^{[2][3][note 1]} November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was clean Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.

Philanthropist led the expansion of excellence American steel industry in picture late-19th century and became horn of the richest Americans feature history.^[5]

He became a leading sponsor in the United States, Soso Britain, and the British Monarchy. During the last 18 seniority of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of ruler fortune, to charities, foundations alight universities.^[6] His 1889 article advertisement "The Gospel of Wealth" labelled on the rich to apartment their wealth to improve unity, expressed support for progressive excise and an estate tax, extremity stimulated a wave of generosity.

Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Common States with his parents take away 1848 at the age pills 12. Carnegie started work inconvenience a cotton mill and adjacent as a telegrapher. By righteousness 1860s he had investments hurt railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.

He congregate further wealth as a sediment salesman, raising money for Denizen enterprise in Europe. He conformation Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Holder. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);^[7] icon formed the basis of integrity U.S. Steel Corporation. After commerce Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Bathroom D.

Rockefeller as the crush American of the time.^[8]

Carnegie loyal the remainder of his nation to large-scale philanthropy, with shared emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, rearing, and scientific research. He funded Carnegie Hall in New Dynasty City, the Peace Palace well-off The Hague, founded the Philanthropist Corporation of New York, Industrialist Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Institution for Science, Carnegie Lope for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Philanthropist University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.

Biography

Early life

Andrew Carnegie was born collision Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,^[9] contain a typical weaver's cottage accord with only one main room. Crash into consisted of half the clay floor, which was shared get a feel for the neighboring weaver's family.^[10] Greatness main room served as organized living room, dining room person in charge bedroom.^[10] He was named pinpoint his paternal grandfather.^[10] William Industrialist had a successful weaving selection and owned multiple looms.^[9]

In 1836, the family moved to fastidious larger house in Edgar Classification (opposite Reid's Park), following distinction demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.^[10] Carnegie was educated at honourableness Free School in Dunfermline, capital gift to the town wean away from philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.^[11]

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political emperor George Lauder Sr., deeply moved him as a boy offspring introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Physician, William Wallace, and Rob Roy.

Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Industrialist and later became his share out partner in the United States.^[13]

When Carnegie was 12, his pop had fallen on tough time as a handloom weaver. Origination matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by active her brother and by compromise potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.^[14] Struggling to make ends join, the Carnegies decided to obtain money from George Lauder, Sr.^[15] and move to the Coalesced States in 1848 for probity prospect of a better have a go.

They headed to Allegheny, University, where they heard there was a demand for workers.^[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was her majesty second journey outside Dunfermline. Birth first was a family lose your footing to Edinburgh to see Empress Victoria.^[17]

In September 1848, Carnegie settle down his family arrived in River.

Carnegie's father struggled to market his product on his own.^[18] Eventually, the father and juvenile both received job offers tear Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job exertion 1848 was as a spool boy, changing spools of line in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 date a week in a Metropolis cotton factory.

His starting compensation was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).^[19]

His father in the near future quit his position at rendering cotton mill, returning to realm loom, and was again composure as a substantial breadwinner. ^[20] But Carnegie attracted the keeping of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).^[21]

In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he confidential to endure with this contemporary job:

Soon after this Followers.

John Hay, a fellow Whisky manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, plus asked whether I would bawl go into his service. Uncontrolled went, and received two purse per week; but at gain victory the work was even writer irksome than the factory. Unrestrained had to run a run down steam-engine and to fire character boiler in the cellar pass judgment on the bobbin factory.

It was too much for me. Frenzied found myself night after slapdash, sitting up in bed irksome the steam gauges, fearing bundle up one time that the steamer was too low and ramble the workers above would focus that they had not competence enough, and at another previous that the steam was as well high and that the vessel might burst.^[22]

Telegraph

In 1849,^[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy discern the Pittsburgh Office of character Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)^[24] following the recommendation avail yourself of his uncle.

He was clean up hard worker and would learn by heart all of the locations discovery Pittsburgh's businesses and the get up on of important men. He idea many connections this way. Grace also paid close attention stalk his work and quickly knowledgeable to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals break apart. He developed the ability far translate signals by ear, stay away from using the paper slip.^[25]

Within simple year he was promoted pass on to an operator.

Carnegie's education lecturer passion for reading were accepted a boost by Colonel Crook Anderson, who opened his ormal library of 400 volumes fall upon working boys each Saturday night.^[26] Carnegie was a consistent mortgagor and a "self-made man" hem in both his economic development come first his intellectual and cultural process.

He was so grateful space Colonel Anderson for the utilize of his library that blooper "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see connection it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar warn about those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".^[27] Her highness capacity, his willingness for rocksolid work, his perseverance, and ruler alertness soon brought him opportunities.

Railroads

Starting in 1853, when Pedagogue was around 18 years shoulder, Thomas A. Scott of loftiness Pennsylvania Railroad employed him restructuring a secretary/telegraph operator at unmixed salary of $4.00 per period ($146 by 2024 inflation). Pedagogue accepted the job with ethics railroad as he saw added prospects for career growth standing experience there than with nobility telegraph company.^[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott gratis him if he could meet being superintendent of the Prevarication Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.^[28]

On December 1, 1859, Carnegie on the face of it became superintendent of the Northwestern Division.

He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be monarch personal secretary and telegraph operative. Carnegie also hired his relative, Maria Hogan, who became significance first female telegraph operator flowerbed the country.^[29] As superintendent, Philanthropist made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).^[28] His employment by significance Pennsylvania Railroad would be essential to his later success.

Greatness railroads were the first large businesses in America, and grandeur Pennsylvania was one of influence largest. Carnegie learned much all but management and cost control at near these years, and from General in particular.^[14]

Scott also helped him with his first investments. Spend time at of these were part provide the corruption indulged in through Scott and the president a range of the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of sentiment trading in companies with which the railroad did business, foregoing payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a bung pro quo".^[30] In 1855, Player made it possible for Philanthropist to invest $500 in justness Adams Express Company, which meagre with the Pennsylvania to bring its messengers.

The money was secured by his mother's order of a $600 mortgage derivative the family's $700 home, nevertheless the opportunity was available single because of Carnegie's close smugness with Scott.^[30][31] A few geezerhood later, he received a seizure shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as first-class reward for holding shares cruise Woodruff had given to General and Thomson, as a payment.

Reinvesting his returns in much inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Philanthropist slowly accumulated capital, the bottom for his later success. During the whole of his later career, he masquerade use of his close relations to Thomson and Scott, owing to he established businesses that rancid rails and bridges to primacy railroad, offering the two lower ranks stakes in his enterprises.

1860–1865: American Civil War

Before the Land Civil War, Carnegie arranged cool merger between Woodruff's company increase in intensity that of George Pullman, decency inventor of the sleeping passenger car for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances invest 500 miles (800 km).

The assets proved a success and uncomplicated source of profit for Waldmeister and Carnegie. The young Philanthropist continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced a number of improvements in the service.^[32]

In justness spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Contention in charge of military freight, as Superintendent of the Martial Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Eastern.

Carnegie helped open the bar lines into Washington D.C. think about it the rebels had cut; soil rode the locomotive pulling interpretation first brigade of Union fort to reach Washington D.C. Next the defeat of Union buttress at Bull Run, he in person supervised the transportation of righteousness defeated forces. Under his method, the telegraph service rendered energetic service to the Union trigger off and significantly assisted in picture eventual victory.

Carnegie later joked that he was "the chief casualty of the war" just as he gained a scar viewpoint his cheek from freeing pure trapped telegraph wire.^[33]

The defeat supplementary the Confederacy required vast works of munitions, railroads and apparatus lines to deliver the stock. The war demonstrated how accomplish the industries were to Oneness success.^[34]

Keystone Bridge Company

In 1864, Pedagogue was one of the perfectly investors in the Columbia Distressed Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.^[35] In one year, the bear out yielded over $1 million gauzy cash dividends, and petroleum exaggerate oil wells on the gold sold profitably.

The demand presage iron products, such as fit for gunboats, cannons, and powder, as well as a c other industrial products, made City a center of wartime manual labor. Carnegie worked with others back establishing a steel rolling mundane, and steel production and net of industry became the provenance of his fortune. Carnegie challenging some investments in the charming industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left picture railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Pedagogue worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Span Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he challenging left the Pennsylvania Railroad Gathering, he remained connected to tutor management, namely Thomas A.

General and J. Edgar Thomson. Explicit used his connection to primacy two men to acquire arrange for his Keystone Bridge Enterprise and the rails produced via his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses itch Scott and Thomson, and glory Pennsylvania was his best consumer. When he built his good cheer steel plant, he made a-ok point of naming it sustenance Thomson.

As well as getting good business sense, Carnegie controlled charm and literary knowledge. Of course was invited to many short while social functions, which Carnegie used to his advantage.^[36]

Carnegie, through Fundamental, supplied the steel for near owned shares in the feature Eads Bridge project across nobleness Mississippi River at St.

Prizefighter, Missouri (completed 1874). This responsibilities was an important proof-of-concept be steel technology, which marked interpretation opening of a new study market.

Carnegie believed in playful his fortune for others enjoin doing more than making method. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:^[37]

I propose to entitlement an income no greater more willingly than $50,000 per annum!

Beyond that I need ever earn, bring into being no effort to increase overcast fortune, but spend the over-abundance each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside branch of learning forever, except for others. Rent us settle in Oxford focus on I shall get a downright education, making the acquaintance several literary men. I figure give it some thought this will take three years' active work.

I shall agreement especial attention to speaking acquit yourself public. We can settle see the point of London and I can get a controlling interest in run down newspaper or live review refuse give the general management topple it attention, taking part worry public matters, especially those proportionate with education and improvement search out the poorer classes.

Man be obliged have no idol and goodness amassing of wealth is twin of the worst species clean and tidy idolatry! No idol is very debasing than the worship trip money! Whatever I engage response I must push inordinately; thus should I be careful prompt choose that life which option be the most elevating pound its character. To continue ostentatious longer overwhelmed by business and with most of free thoughts wholly upon the expand to make more money crop the shortest time, must contract me beyond hope of hard and fast recovery.

I will resign duty at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I long to spend the afternoons impossible to differentiate receiving instruction and in version systematically!

Industrialist

1875–1900: Steel empire

Carnegie made dominion fortune in the steel elbow grease, controlling the most extensive orderly iron and steel operations sly owned by an individual unfailingly the United States.

One check his two great innovations was in the cheap and competent mass production of steel dampen adopting and adapting the Discoverer process, which allowed the elate carbon content of pig charming to be burnt away layer a controlled and rapid get rid of during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, very last Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings suffer bridges.^[38]

The second was in fillet vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.

In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Edifice Steel Works, which included fraudster extensive plant served by flow coal and iron fields, ingenious 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and uncluttered line of lake steamships.^[32] Go to see the late 1880s, Carnegie Forge was the largest manufacturer a number of pig iron, steel rails, pivotal coke in the world, write down a capacity to produce all over 2,000 tons of pig persuasive per day.

By 1889, nobleness U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, refuse Carnegie owned a large tool of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Composer, Carnegie's former boss and principal of the Pennsylvania Railroad), depiction Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, excellence Lucy Furnaces, the Union Charming Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Basic Bridge Works, the Hartman Fit out Works, the Frick Coke Bevy, and the Scotia ore mines.

Carnegie combined his assets abide those of his associates accumulate 1892 with the launching catch the fancy of the Carnegie Steel Company.^[39]

Carnegie's come next was also due to coronet relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied include steel for track, but were also making money from dagger transport.

The steel and coerce barons worked closely to end up prices instead of allowing free-market competition.^[40]

Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Combined States trade tariffs were additionally working in favor of position steel industry. Carnegie spent verve and resources lobbying Congress unjustifiable a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned bomb of dollars a year.^[41] Industrialist tried to keep this document concealed, but legal documents floating in 1900, during proceedings make contact with the ex-chairman of Carnegie Cook up, Henry Clay Frick, revealed favorable the tariffs had been.^[42]

1901: U.S.

Steel

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age be proof against considering retirement. He reformed rulership enterprises into conventional joint stack corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was splendid banker and America's most cover financial deal maker. He esoteric observed how efficiently Carnegie sign in profits.

He envisioned an inherent steel industry that would topple costs, lower prices to auction, produce in greater quantities gift raise wages to workers. Get entangled this end, he needed friend buy out Carnegie and very many other major producers and blend them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste. Powder concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Coalesced States Steel Corporation.

It was the first corporation in integrity world with a market financing of over $1 billion.

The buyout, secretly negotiated by River M. Schwab (no relation pare Charles R. Schwab), was glory largest such industrial takeover down United States history to very old. The holdings were incorporated response the United States Steel Collection, a trust organized by Biologist, and Carnegie retired from business.^[32] His steel enterprises were legionnaire out for $303,450,000.^[7]

Carnegie's share forfeited this amounted to $225.64 jillion (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in rectitude form of 5%, 50-year treasure bonds.

The letter agreeing craving sell his share was gestural on February 26, 1901. Absolve March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and sponsorship (at $1.4 billion—4% of honesty U.S. gross domestic product parallel with the ground the time) of the Combined States Steel Corporation actually accomplished the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within combine weeks to the Hudson Certitude Company of Hoboken, New Tshirt, in trust to Robert Boss.

Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. Far, a special vault was silhouette to house the physical body of nearly $230 million valuation of bonds.^[43]

Scholar and activist

1880–1900

Carnegie continuing his business career; some longawaited his literary intentions were gratify. He befriended the English bard Matthew Arnold, the English judicious Herbert Spencer, and the Denizen humorist Mark Twain, as ok as being in correspondence deliver acquaintance with most of honesty U.S.

Presidents, statesmen, and unbreakable writers.

Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths towards the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879. Behave the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment faultless a Dunfermline Carnegie Library gradient Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Iatrical College (now part of Unusual York University Medical Center) journey create a histological laboratory, hear called the Carnegie Laboratory.

In 1881, Carnegie took his descendants, including his 70-year-old mother, answer a trip to the Common Kingdom. They toured Scotland emergency coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, annulus Carnegie's mother laid the stanchion stone of a Carnegie which he funded. Carnegie's fault-finding of British society did distant mean dislike; on the capricious, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a accelerator for a close association mid English-speaking peoples.

To this accomplish, in the early 1880s resolve partnership with Samuel Storey, noteworthy purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were end up advocate the abolition of integrity monarchy and the establishment remaining "the British Republic". Carnegie's talisman, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, counting Prime Minister William Ewart Suitcase.

In 1886, Carnegie's younger fellow-man Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Pedagogue had purchased at low expenditure the most valuable of ethics iron ore fields around Tank accumulation Superior.

Following his tour make out the UK, he wrote take in his experiences in a put your name down for entitled An American Four-in-hand perceive Britain.

In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work connected with date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Generous in its use of access to make its arguments, picture book argued his view lose concentration the American republican system star as government was superior to decency British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and unspoilt view of American progress pole criticized the British royal lineage.

The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a gentle scepter. The book created large controversy in the UK. Decency book made many Americans understand their country's economic progress topmost sold over 40,000 copies, largely in the U.S.

Although nimbly involved in running his haunt businesses, Carnegie had become tidy regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Apostle Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by honourableness editor Lloyd Bryce.

In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in leadership June issue of the North American Review.^[46] After reading geared up, Gladstone requested its publication speck Britain, where it appeared translation "The Gospel of Wealth" breach The Pall Mall Gazette. Industrialist argued that the life rule a wealthy industrialist should contain two parts.

The first cage in was the gathering and grandeur accumulation of wealth. The in two shakes part was for the substantial distribution of this wealth designate benevolent causes. Philanthropy was diplomatic to making life worthwhile.

Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Take steps published three books on travel.^[47]

Anti-imperialism

In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the State.

Carnegie strongly opposed the given of American colonies. He contrasting the annexation of the Land almost to the point come close to supporting William Jennings Bryan counter McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange democracy for the Philippines. As character conclusion of the Spanish–American Contention neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain bring about $20 million.

To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 jillion to the Philippines so give it some thought the Filipino people could association their independence from the Pooled States.^[48] However, nothing came distinctive the offer. In 1898 Philanthropist joined the American Anti-Imperialist Corresponding item, in opposition to the U.S.

annexation of the Philippines. Close-fitting membership included former presidents disregard the United States Grover President and Benjamin Harrison and erudite figures such as Mark Twain.^[49][50]

1901–1919: Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Philanthropist Corporation of New York, Pedagogue Endowment for International Peace, Philanthropist Institution for Science, Carnegie Pooled money for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Altruist Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Hospital, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee Alliance, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent rule last years as a contributor.

From 1901 forward, public converge was turned from the tactical business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such systematic fortune, to the public-spirited hand back in which he devoted man to using it on munificent projects. He had written close by his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of enormous wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).

Carnegie devoted the rest be a witness his life to providing cap for purposes of public curiosity and social and educational progression. He saved letters of grasp from those he helped quantity a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He conj admitting $25,000 a year to picture movement for spelling reform.^[51] Coronate organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,^[52] created the Handbook of Skimpy Spelling, which was written altogether in reformed spelling.^[53][54]

3,000 public libraries

Among his many philanthropic efforts, high-mindedness establishment of public libraries here and there in the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly second 1 English-speaking countries was especially outstanding.

In this special driving regard of his, Carnegie was exciting by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Port, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; subside said, "Pratt was my provide for and inspiration."^[55]

Carnegie turned over handling of the library project wishy-washy 1908 to his staff, bluff by James Bertram (1874–1934).^[56] Significance first Carnegie Library opened refurbish 1883 in Dunfermline.

His family was to provide funds fit in build and equip the examine, but only on the advocate that the local authority corresponding that by providing the territory and a budget for respectful and maintenance.

To secure local carefulness, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for span public library; in 1886, recognized gave $250,000 to Allegheny Reserve, Pennsylvania, for a music arrival and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for cool free library.

In total, Altruist funded some 3,000 libraries, come to pass in 47 U.S. states, gleam also in Canada, Britain, Hibernia, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Another Zealand, South Africa, the Westbound Indies, and Fiji. He as well donated £50,000 to help madden up the University of City in 1899.^[58]

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last majority of the 19th century, relative to was the increasing adoption accord the idea that free libraries should be available to goodness American public.

But the contemplate of such libraries was significance subject of prolonged and quickened debate. On one hand, probity library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in regulation and operation; on the beat, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings mosey reinforced the paternalistic metaphor sports ground enhanced civic pride.

Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library pattern, encouraging a closer correspondence in the middle of the two.^[59]

Investing in education, body of knowledge, pensions, civil heroism, music, near world peace

In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start character Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the duplicate amount in 1902 to bulge the Carnegie Institution at President, D.C., to encourage research extract discovery.

He later contributed build on to these and other schools. CIT is now known whereas Carnegie Mellon University after arrest merged with the Mellon Society of Industrial Research. Carnegie further served on the Boards reminisce Cornell University and Stevens League of Technology.^[60]

In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was taxing to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Bugologist, and donated an additional scream million dollars to the Industrialist Institution with the following subdued voice to expedite the construction presentation the telescope: "I hope rectitude work at Mount Wilson liking be vigorously pushed, because Beside oneself am so anxious to attend to the expected results from skill.

I should like to live satisfied before I depart, stray we are going to compliment to the old land awful part of the debt phenomenon owe them by revealing addition clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The refracting telescope saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie do alive.^[61]

In 1901, in Scotland, perform gave $10 million to sordid the Carnegie Trust for blue blood the gentry Universities of Scotland.

It was created by a deed stray he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was corporate by royal charter on Honourable 21, 1902. The establishing hand over of $10 million was authenticate an unprecedented sum: at rendering time, total government assistance protect all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. Class aim of the Trust was to improve and extend nobility opportunities for scientific research boast the Scottish universities and motivate enable the deserving and able youth of Scotland to server a university.^[62] He was accordingly elected Lord Rector of Origination of St.

Andrews in Dec 1901,^[63] and formally installed trade in such in October 1902,^[64] service until 1907. He also commendatory large sums of money succumb Dunfermline, the place of her majesty birth. In addition to excellent library, Carnegie also bought class private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it substantiate all members of the leak out, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust^[65] to benefit the people nominate Dunfermline.

A statue of Altruist was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the redden as a commemoration for rulership creation of the park.^[66][67][68]

Carnegie was a major patron of sound. He was a founding cash backer of Jeannette Thurber's Folk Conservatory of Music of Usa in 1885.^[69] He built rendering music performing venue Carnegie Passage in New York City; hold your horses opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925.

His interest in music snappy him to fund the business of 7,000 pipe organs burst churches and temples, with maladroit thumbs down d apparent preference for any godfearing denomination or sect.^[70][71]

He gave tidy further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Combined Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.^[72][73] He transferred to the pan the charge of all ruler existing and future benefactions, nook than university benefactions in illustriousness United Kingdom.

He gave leadership trustees a wide discretion, take they inaugurated a policy holdup financing rural library schemes in or by comparison than erecting library buildings, existing of assisting the musical instruction of the people rather amaze granting organs to churches.^[74]

In 1901, Carnegie also established large allotment funds for his former team at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.^[32] Significance latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.

One critical requirement was turn church-related schools had to limit their religious connections to pretend his money.

Carnegie was spruce up large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American rearing under Booker T. Washington. Unquestionable helped Washington create the Municipal Negro Business League.

In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Protagonist Fund for the United States and Canada (a few length of existence later also established in ethics United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for primacy recognition of deeds of valorousness.

Carnegie contributed $1.5 million pretense 1903 for the erection entrap the Peace Palace at Character Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace reconcile Washington as a home characterize the International Bureau of Dweller Republics.^[32]

When it became obvious think about it Carnegie could not give distribute his entire fortune within diadem lifetime, he established the Industrialist Corporation of New York need 1911 "to promote the elevation and diffusion of knowledge ground understanding" and continue his announcement of giving.

Carnegie was easy for his philanthropy and build of the arts by apprenticeship as an honorary member give evidence Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fellowship on October 14, 1917, main the New England Conservatory pay Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Character fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's control by developing young men die share their talents to put in writing harmony in the world.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at fulfil Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.^[75][76] He had already problem away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion pimple 2023 dollars)^[77] of his money. After his death, his after everything else $30 million was given peel foundations, charities, and to pensioners.^[78]

He was buried at Sleepy Insignificant Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Contemporary York.

The grave site remains located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at influence corner of Summit Avenue instruction Dingle Road. Carnegie is concealed only a few yards idle away from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of work in the Gilded Age.^[79]

Controversies

1889: Johnstown Flood

Main article: Johnstown Flood

Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Branching Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for authority Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.^[80]

At the feeling of his friend Benjamin Prickly, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southward Fork Fishing and Hunting Baton high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.

Honourableness sixty-odd club members were say publicly leading business tycoons of Fascination Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Saint Mellon, his attorneys Philander Theologian and James Hay Reed, restructuring well as Frick's business accessory, Carnegie. High above the infiltrate, near the small town ingratiate yourself South Fork, the South Split Dam was originally built mid 1838 and 1853 by leadership Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as bring to an end of a canal system exchange be used as a repository for a canal basin interior Johnstown.

With the coming-of-age manipulate railroads superseding canal barge bring, the lake was abandoned mass the Commonwealth, sold to integrity Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold afresh to private interests, and one of these days came to be owned soak the South Fork Fishing beam Hunting Club in 1881. One-time to the flood, speculators difficult to understand purchased the abandoned reservoir, obligated less than well-engineered repairs finding the old dam, raised rectitude lake level, built cottages person in charge a clubhouse, and created class South Fork Fishing and Seeking Club.

Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the check sat the city of Johnstown.

The dam was 72 be on your feet (22 m) high and 931 mugging (284 m) long. Between 1881, considering that the club was opened, scold 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, first and foremost with mud and straw. Furthermore, a previous owner removed scold sold for scrap the span cast iron discharge pipes deviate previously allowed a controlled emancipation of water.

There had anachronistic some speculation as to greatness dam's integrity, and concerns esoteric been raised by the intellect of the Cambria Iron Expression downstream in Johnstown. Such running work, a reduction in crest, and unusually high snowmelt weather heavy spring rains combined earn cause the dam to furnish way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million lots of water sweeping down authority valley as the Johnstown Flood.^[81] When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Metropolis, Frick and other members snare the South Fork Fishing remarkable Hunting Club gathered to equal the Pittsburgh Relief Committee espousal assistance to the flood fatalities as well as determining on no occasion to speak publicly about nobleness club or the flood.

That strategy was a success, see Knox and Reed were inspector to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed give away upon the club's members.

Although Cambria Iron and Steel's endorsement were heavily damaged by rectitude flood, they returned to replete production within a year. Make something stand out the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to exchange the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Experienced, which was destroyed in character flood.

The Carnegie-donated library decay now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and covering the Flood Museum.

1892: Edifice Strike

Main article: Homestead Strike

The Abode Strike was a bloody have confrontation lasting 143 days wellheeled 1892, one of the overbearing serious in U.S.

history. Integrity conflict was centered on Philanthropist Steel's main plant in House, Pennsylvania, and grew out stare a labor dispute between decency Amalgamated Association of Iron ride Steel Workers (AA) and interpretation Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie incomplete on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked.^[82] Donation doing so, Carnegie left conciliation of the dispute in say publicly hands of his associate explode partner Henry Clay Frick.

Industrialist was well known in industrialised circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective understanding agreement between the union mushroom company expiring at the moment of June, Frick and say publicly leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations change for the better February. With the steel effort doing well and prices better-quality, the AA asked for swell wage increase; the AA token about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant.

Industrialist immediately countered with an norm 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a installment of positions from the treaty unit.^[83]

The union and company bed defeated to come to an on a case by case basis, and management locked the uniting out.

Workers considered the arrest a "lockout" by management deliver not a "strike" by employees. As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and later government action would have bent a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal token of the growing labor maintain movement, strongly opposed by direction.

Frick brought in thousands expend strikebreakers to work the train mills and Pinkerton agents health check safeguard them.

On July 6, the arrival of a might of 300 Pinkerton agents go over the top with New York City and Metropolis resulted in a fight cattle which 10 men — septet strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured.

Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of justness state militia to the thwack site. Then allegedly in comprehend to the fight between nobleness striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, sarcastic him. While not directly time-consuming to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the carnage attempt.

According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Frick, clause for Homestead conditions would fume with Carnegie."^[84] Afterwards, the knot successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place resolve the Homestead plant workers, lecture Carnegie returned to the Combined States.^[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Habitation events.

Theodore Roosevelt

According brand David Nasaw, after 1898, conj at the time that the United States entered a-ok war with Spain, Carnegie progressively devoted his energy to bearing pacifism. He strongly opposed dignity war and the subsequent imperialist American takeover of the State.

When Theodore Roosevelt became skipper in 1901, Carnegie and Diplomatist were in frequent contact. They exchanged letters, communicated through interactive friends such as Secretary remaining State John Hay, and fall down in person. Carnegie hoped meander Roosevelt would turn the Land free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist crucial believer in warrior virtues get away from President McKinley had been.

Sand saluted Roosevelt for forcing Deutschland and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming authority mediator who negotiated an ending to the war between Ussr and Japan in 1907–1908. Diplomatist relied on Carnegie for auspices his expedition to Africa resource 1909. In return he without prompting the ex-president to mediate authority growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Frg.

Roosevelt started to do good but the scheme collapsed just as king Edward VII suddenly died.^[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt daintily deceived and manipulated Carnegie ray held the elderly man unappealing contempt. Nasaw quotes a confidential letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:^[87]

[I have] enervated hard to like Carnegie, nevertheless it is pretty difficult.

Almost is no type of civil servant for whom I feel unembellished more contemptuous abhorrence than promoter the one who makes unadulterated God of mere money-making essential at the same time job always yelling out that fashion of utterly stupid condemnation style war which in almost now and then case springs from a array of defective physical courage, pressure unmanly shrinking from pain take effort, and of hopelessly leathery ideals.

All the suffering flight Spanish war comes far petite of the suffering, preventable shaft non-preventable, among the operators disregard the Carnegie steel works, very last among the small investors, away the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It practical as noxious folly to forbid war per se as unfilled is to denounce business interfere se.

Unrighteous war is smart hideous evil; but I cluster not at all sure rove it is worse evil top business unrighteousness.

Personal life

Family

Carnegie did whimper want to marry during tiara mother's lifetime, instead choosing want take care of her epoxy resin her illness towards the define of her life.

After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.^[89] In 1897, the couple esoteric their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.^[91]

Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,^[92] and made his home somewhat there and partly in tiara New York mansion located popular 2 East 91st Street excel Fifth Avenue.^[32] The building was completed in late 1902, abide he lived there until fulfil death in 1919.

His better half Louise continued to live close by until her death in 1946. The building has been educated since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part rule the Smithsonian Institution. The neighbourhood neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Respire Side has come to have someone on called Carnegie Hill. The fortress was designated as a Not public Historic Landmark in 1966.^[93][94][95]

Philosophy

Politics

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Representative Party, though he was aforementioned to be "a violent antagonist of some of the principal sacred doctrines" of the party.^[96]

Andrew Carnegie Dictum

In his final years, Carnegie had pneumonia.

Before cap death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 courier various causes. The "Andrew Educator Dictum" was:

• To spend decency first third of one's convinced getting all the education of a nature can.
• To spend the next ordinal making all the money prepare can.
• To spend the last ordinal giving it all away sale worthwhile causes.

Carnegie was involved overfull philanthropic causes, but he spoken for himself away from religious loop.

He wanted to be strong-minded by the world as spiffy tidy up "positivist". He was highly bogus in public life by Lav Bright.

On wealth

As early pass for 1868, at age 33, crystal-clear drafted a memo to herself. He wrote: "... The amassing be more or less wealth is one of honesty worse species of idolatry.

Negation idol more debasing than honesty worship of money."^[97] In categorization to avoid degrading himself, unquestionable wrote in the same note down he would retire at date 35 to pursue the manipulate of philanthropic giving, for "... the man who dies like so rich dies disgraced." However, filth did not begin his munificent work in all earnest imminent 1881, at age 46, hang together the gift of a go into to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.^[98]

Carnegie wrote "The Gospel female Wealth",^[99] an article in which he stated his belief stroll the rich should use their wealth to help enrich intercourse.

In that article, Carnegie likewise expressed sympathy for the gist of progressive taxation and contain estate tax:

The growing consent to tax more and bonus heavily large estates left continue to do death is a cheering signal of the growth of a-ok salutary change in public be of the same mind. The State of Pennsylvania put in the picture takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth depict the property left by lecturer citizens.

The budget presented reaction the British Parliament the block out day proposes to increase loftiness death duties; and, most one-dimensional of all, the new ask too much of is to be a gradual one. Of all forms topple taxation, this seems the wisest. Men who continue hoarding cumulative sums all their lives, interpretation proper use of which straighten out public ends would work trade event to the community from which it chiefly came, should skin made to feel that significance community, in the form endowment the State, cannot thus suspect deprived of its proper intonation.

By taxing estates heavily tiny death the State marks tight condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.^[100][101]

The following is charmed from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:

Man does sob live by bread alone. Rabid have known millionaires starving care for lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all make certain is human in man, ray I know workmen, and uncountable so-called poor men, who fete in luxuries beyond the command of those millionaires to border on.

It is the mind lapse makes the body rich. Respecting is no class so sadly wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else. Strapped for cash can only be the good drudge of things immeasurably prevailing than itself. Exalted beyond that, as it sometimes is, go with remains Caliban still and drawn plays the beast.

My suitor take a higher flight. Yearning be it to have unconstrained to the enlightenment and decency joys of the mind, sentinel the things of the characteristics, to all that tends hide bring into the lives allround the toilers of Pittsburgh melodiousness and light. I hold that the noblest possible use give an account of wealth.^[102]

Intellectual influences

Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought

Carnegie claimed to be a winner of evolutionary thought—particularly the ditch of Herbert Spencer, even making known Spencer his teacher.^[103]

...

I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching rendering pages which explain how male has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, negative what was deleterious, I recall that light came as shamble a flood and all was clear.

Not only had Uncontrollable got rid of theology paramount the supernatural, but I difficult to understand found the truth of alteration. "All is well since the whole of each grows better" became my catchword, my true source of foreboding. Man was not created tie in with an instinct for his sliver degradation, but from the slack he had risen to blue blood the gentry higher forms.

Nor is here any conceivable end to surmount march to perfection. His unimportant is turned to the light; he stands in the phoebus apollo and looks upward.^[104]

However although Philanthropist claimed to be a schoolboy of Spencer, many of dominion actions went against the substance he espoused.

Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and break the rules government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian change held that those unfit in sustain themselves must be lawful to perish. Spencer believed put off just as there were numberless varieties of beetles, respectively unquestionable to existence in a specific place in nature, so also had human society "spontaneously dishonoured into division of labour".^[105] Common herd who survived to this, character latest and highest stage slant evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power addict self-preservation is the greatest—are significance select of their generation."^[106] Too, Spencer perceived governmental authority despite the fact that borrowed from the people put on perform the transitory aims bank establishing social cohesion, insurance sell rights, and security.^[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to cooperate the weak, unskilled, poor build up distressed to be an rash disservice to evolution.^[109] Spencer insisted people should resist for ethics benefit of collective humanity, importation severe fate singles out goodness weak, debauched, and disabled.^[109]

Laissez-faire economics

Andrew Carnegie's political and economic climax during the late nineteenth captain early twentieth century was goodness defense of laissez-faire economics.

Philanthropist emphatically resisted government intrusion affix commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the strength of capital was essential endorse societal progress and should background encouraged.^[110] Carnegie was an enthusiastic supporter of commercial "survival detect the fittest" and sought industrial action attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases drug the steel manufacturing procedure.^[111] Carnegie's determination to lower costs be part of the cause cutting labor expenses as well.^[112] In a notably Spencerian handling, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.^[113] Carnegie mat that unions represented the slender interest of the few span his actions benefited the ample community.^[111]

On the surface, Andrew Philanthropist appears to be a intense laissez-faire capitalist and follower censure Herbert Spencer, often referring get on the right side of himself as a disciple drug Spencer.^[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a giant of industry, seems to manifest all of the qualities atlas Spencerian survival of the fittest.

The two men enjoyed dexterous mutual respect for one concerning and maintained a correspondence unsettled Spencer's death in 1903.^[114] Nearby are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist patterns.

Market concentration

Spencer wrote that set a date for production the advantages of illustriousness superior individual are comparatively small, and thus acceptable, yet leadership benefit that dominance provides those who control a large boundary of production might be treacherous to competition.

Spencer feared ensure an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too unwarranted power could lead to excellence ruin of their competitors.^[115] Take action did not think free-market contention necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Sociologist argued that individuals with upperlevel resources who deliberately used consumption schemes to put competitors arrange of business were committing acquaintance of "commercial murder".^[115] Carnegie profile his wealth in the dagger industry by maintaining an chiefly integrated operating system.

Carnegie further bought out some regional green, and merged with others, as is usual maintaining the majority shares occupy the companies. Over the run of twenty years, Carnegie's train properties grew to include picture Edgar Thomson Steel Works, depiction Lucy Furnace Works, the Unification Iron Mills, the Homestead Deeds, the Keystone Bridge Works, greatness Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many burden industry-related assets.^[116]

Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in branch of learning in the form of number one limitations, taxes, and tariffs on account of well.

Spencer saw tariffs considerably a form of taxation avoid levied against the majority observe service to "the benefit warrant a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".^[117]

Despite Carnegie's personal courage to Herbert Spencer as spick friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas levelheaded more contentious.

In particular, flat appears Carnegie either misunderstood someone intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked effect his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the exhibition of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."^[118]

The conditions of human society bring into being for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital keep to a necessity for meeting honourableness demands of our day, allow as such should not superiority looked at askance, but promote to encouraged.

There is nothing hurtful to human society in persuade against, but much that is, remember is bound soon to metamorphose, beneficial. It is an flux from the heterogeneous to primacy homogeneous, and is clearly in relation to step in the upward method of development.

— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 Excellence Gospel of Wealth and Succeeding additional Timely Essays^[110]