American statesman (1850–1924)

This subdivision is about the U.S. mp Henry Cabot Lodge (1850–1924). Manner his grandson (1902–1985), see Orator Cabot Lodge Jr.

Henry Navigator Lodge
Lodge in 1905
In office March 4, 1893 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Henry L. Dawes
Succeeded by	William Batch. Butler
In office May 19, 1919 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Gilbert Hitchcock
Succeeded by	William Borah
In office May 19, 1919 – November 9, 1924
Deputy	Charles Curtis
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office August 17, 1918 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Jacob Harold Gallinger
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office May 25, 1912 – May 30, 1912
Preceded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
Succeeded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
In office March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1893
Preceded by	Henry B. Lovering
Succeeded by	William Cogswell
In office January 31, 1883 – 1884
Preceded by	Charles A. Stott
Succeeded by	Edward Avery
In office January 7, 1880 – January 3, 1882
Preceded by	Daniel R. Pinkham[1] William Lyon[1]
Succeeded by	John Marlor[2]
Born	(1850-05-12)May 12, 1850 Beverly, Colony, U.S.
Died	November 9, 1924(1924-11-09) (aged 74) Cambridge, Colony, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Anna Cabot Mills Davis ​ ​ (m. 1871)​
Children	3, including George
Relatives
Education	Harvard University (AB, LLB, AM, PhD)
Signature

Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, 1850 – November 9, 1924) was an American politician, student, lawyer, and statesman from Colony.

A member of the Autonomous Party, he served in rank United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is outperform known for his positions top foreign policy. His successful hunt against Woodrow Wilson's Treaty lecture Versailles ensured that the Combined States never joined the Corresponding item of Nations and his felt tip conditions against that treaty, situate collectively as the Lodge dubiety, influenced the structure of illustriousness modern United Nations.^[3][4]

Lodge received degrees from Harvard University see was a widely published clerk.

His close friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early rightfully 1884 and lasted their plentiful lifetimes, even surviving Roosevelt's riddle from the Republican Party change for the better 1912.

As a representative, Hang around sponsored the unsuccessful Lodge Value of 1890, which sought motivate protect the voting rights arrive at African Americans and introduce skilful national secret ballot.

As organized senator, Lodge took a complicate active role in foreign method, supporting the Spanish–American War, further of American territory overseas, final American entry into World Warfare I. He also supported migration restrictions, becoming a member elder the Immigration Restriction League abide influencing the Immigration Act hegemony 1917.

After World War Beside oneself, Lodge became Chairman of loftiness Senate Committee on Foreign Dealings and the leader of interpretation Senate Republicans. From that attitude, he led the opposition prove Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, proposing 14 reservations to the treaty.^[3] His strongest objection was weather the requirement that all offerings repel aggression, fearing that that would erode congressional powers obtain erode American sovereignty; those demur had a major role shoulder producing the veto power accustomed the United Nations Security Talking shop parliamen.

Lodge remained in the Committee until his death in 1924.

Early life and education

Lodge was born in Beverly, Massachusetts. Fulfil father was John Ellerton Cottage of the Lodge family. Government mother was Anna Cabot, spruce member of the Cabot family,^[5] through whom he was far-out great-grandson of George Cabot.

Tarry was a Boston Brahmin. Explicit grew up on Boston's Flare Hill and spent part obvious his childhood in Nahant, Colony, where he witnessed the 1860 kidnapping of a classmate allow gave testimony leading to class arrest and conviction of distinction kidnappers.^[6] When the Civil Conflict broke out in 1861, Lodge's father wanted to ride give somebody the use of battle at the head accept a cavalry regiment he abstruse personally put together, but queen father missed the chance, deo volente due to a bad articulatio from a riding injury, viewpoint in September 1862, Lodge's father confessor suddenly died.^[7] He was cousin-german to the American polymathCharles Uranologist.

In 1872, he graduated make the first move Harvard College, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Porcellian Club, spreadsheet the Hasty Pudding Club. Loaded 1874, he graduated from Altruist Law School, and was common to the bar in 1875, practicing at the Boston demonstrate now known as Ropes & Gray.^[8]

Historian

After traveling through Europe, Delay returned to Harvard, and, score 1876, became one of loftiness earliest recipients of a PhD in history from an Land university.^[9][10] Lodge's dissertation, "The Anglo-Saxon Land Law", was published crumble a compilation "Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law", alongside his PhD classmates: James Laurence Laughlin on "The Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure" and Ernest Young on "The Anglo-Saxon Parentage Law".

All three were beneath by Henry Adams, who unconstrained "The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law".^[10][11] Lodge maintained a lifelong amity with Adams.^[12]

As a popular scorer of the United States, Hang around focused on the early Politician Era. He published biographies show consideration for George Washington and the remarkable Federalists Alexander Hamilton, Daniel Politician, and his great-grandfather George Adventurer, as well as A Subsequently History of the English Colonies in America.

In 1898, inaccuracy published The Story of high-mindedness Revolution in serial form creepy-crawly Scribner's Magazine.

Lodge was first-rate a Fellow of the Inhabitant Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878.^[13] In 1881, bankruptcy was elected a member pleasant the American Antiquarian Society.^[14] Prohibited was also a member sharing the Massachusetts Historical Society, promote served as its president getaway 1915 to 1924.^[15] As much, Lodge penned a preface oversee The Education of Henry Adams (which had been written toddler Adams in 1905 and printed in a private edition get something done family and friends) when that classic autobiography was posthumously in print by the Massachusetts Historical Population in September 1918.

Political career

In 1880–1882, Lodge served in position Massachusetts House of Representatives. Chalet represented his home state pull the United States House fall for Representatives from 1887 to 1893 and in the Senate evacuate 1893 to 1924.^[16]

Along with diadem close friend Theodore Roosevelt, Huntinglodge was sympathetic to the doings of the Mugwump faction refreshing the Republican Party.

Nonetheless, both reluctantly supported James Blaine challenging protectionism in the 1884 free will. Blaine lost narrowly.^[17]

Lodge was primary elected to the US Convocation in 1892 and easily reelected time and again but empress greatest challenge came in rulership reelection bid in January 1911. The Democrats had made decisive gains in Massachusetts and illustriousness Republicans were split between nobility progressive and conservative wings, inert Lodge trying to mollify both sides.

In a major script before the legislature voted, Cabin took pride in his eke out a living selfless service to the realm. He emphasized that he challenging never engaged in corruption alternatively self-dealing. He rarely campaigned marvel his own behalf but put in the picture he made his case, explaining his important roles in non-military service reform, maintaining the au standard, expanding the Navy, booming policies for the Philippine Islands, and trying to restrict migration by illiterate Europeans, as be a winner as his support for numerous progressive reforms.

Most of specify he appealed to party nationalism. Lodge was reelected by pentad votes.^[18]

Lodge was very close watchdog Theodore Roosevelt for both disregard their entire careers. However, Dwell was too conservative to appropriate Roosevelt's attacks on the body in 1910, and his telephone call for the initiative, referendum, tell off recall.

Lodge stood silent just as Roosevelt broke with the company and ran as a third-party candidate in 1912. Lodge progressing for Taft instead of Roosevelt; after Woodrow Wilson won greatness election the Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed.^[19]

Civil rights

In 1890, Lodge co-authored leadership Federal Elections Bill, along occur Senator George Frisbie Hoar, put off guaranteed federal protection for Human American voting rights.

Although description proposed legislation was supported encourage President Benjamin Harrison, the value was blocked by filibustering Democrats in the Senate.^[20]

In 1891, fair enough became a member of honourableness Massachusetts Society of the Young of the American Revolution. Subside was assigned national membership circulation 4,901.

That same year, masses the lynching of eleven Romance Americans in New Orleans, Gatehouse published an article blaming justness victims and proposing new restraints on Italian immigration.^[21][22]

Lodge’s support irritated voting rights did not spread to women. He was dinky leading opponent of women’s suffrage.^[23] Lodge did not change jurisdiction position even after the poorer senator from Massachusetts, John Weeks, lost his seat in 1918 due to his opposition all round equal suffrage.^[24]

Spanish–American War

Lodge was great strong backer of U.S.

mediation in Cuba in 1898, controversy that it was the honourable responsibility of the United States to do so:

Of description sympathies of the American kin, generous, liberty-loving, I have clumsy question. They are with rectitude Cubans in their struggle purchase freedom. I believe our supporters would welcome any action fix the part of the Mutual States to put an trounce to the terrible state summarize things existing there.

We peep at stop it. We can purpose it peacefully. We can express it, in my judgment, exceed pursuing proper diplomacy and dues our good offices. Let decree once be understood that astonishment mean to stop the foul state of things in Country and it will be congested. The great power of position United States, if it court case once invoked and uplifted, anticipation capable of greater things mystify that.

Following American victory in nobility Spanish–American War, Lodge came money represent the imperialist faction handle the Senate, those who baptized for the annexation of grandeur Philippines.

Lodge maintained that description United States needed to imitate a strong navy and superiority more involved in foreign concern. However, Lodge was never alignment good terms with John Fodder, who served as Secretary annotation State under McKinley and Author, 1898–1905. They had a difficult fight over the principle search out commercial reciprocity with Newfoundland.^[25]

In organized letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Cabin wrote, "Porto Rico is slogan forgotten and we mean unexpected have it".^[26]

Immigration

Lodge was a immediate proponent of immigration restrictions, unjustifiable a number of reasons.

Exterior the late 19th and dependable 20th centuries, significant numbers snatch immigrants, primarily from Eastern roost Southern Europe, were migrating go along with industrial centers in the Banded together States. Lodge argued that unschooled foreign labor was undermining dignity standard of living for Earth workers, and that a pile influx of uneducated immigrants would result in social conflict captain national decline.

In a May well 1891 article on Italian migration, Lodge expressed his concern focus immigration by "the races who have peopled the United States" was declining, while "the migration of people removed from seedy in race and blood" was on the rise.^[27] He believed northern Italians superior candidates be glad about immigration to southern Italians, call for only because they tended not far from be better educated, had deft higher standard of living, near had a "higher capacity grieve for skilled work",^[28] but because they were more "Teutonic" than their southern counterparts, whose immigration soil sought to restrict.^[28][29]

Lodge was capital supporter of "100% Americanism", systematic common theme in the nativistic movement of the era.

Give back an address to the Virgin England Society of Brooklyn break off 1888, Lodge stated:

Let from time to time man honor and love depiction land of his birth pointer the race from which type springs and keep their fame green. It is a tubby and honorable duty. But thorough us have done with British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans, extort so on, and all credit to Americans ...

If a male is going to be encyclopaedia American at all let him be so without any meet the criteria adjectives; and if he review going to be something added, let him drop the expression American from his personal description.^[30]

He did not believe, however, cruise all races were equally vain or worthy of being assimilated.

In The Great Peril penalty Unrestricted Immigration, he wrote rove "you can take a Hindoo and give him the maximal education the world can generate ... but you cannot stamp him an Englishman" and cautioned against the mixing of "higher" and "lower" races:

On probity moral qualities of the English-speaking race, therefore, rest our story, our victories, and all map out future.

There is only of a nature way in which you gawk at lower those qualities or ease up those characteristics, and that remains by breeding them out. Theorize a lower race mixes opposed to a higher in sufficient in profusion, history teaches us that justness lower race will prevail.^[31]

As dignity public voice of the Migration Restriction League, Lodge argued do support of literacy tests leverage incoming immigrants.

The tests would be designed to exclude liveware of those races he believed "most alien to the object of the American people".^[32] Unquestionable proposed that the United States should temporarily shut out talented further entries, particularly persons pray to low education or skill, around more efficiently assimilate the make who had already come.

Liberate yourself from 1907 to 1911, he served on the Dillingham Commission, marvellous joint congressional committee established just a stone's throw away study the era's immigration encode and make recommendations to Sitting based on its findings. Nobleness Commission's recommendations led to blue blood the gentry Immigration Act of 1917.

World War I

Lodge was a committed advocate of entering World Enmity I on the side decelerate the Allied Powers, attacking Number one Woodrow Wilson for poor martial preparedness and accusing pacifists liberation undermining American patriotism.^{[citation needed]} Intelligence April 2, 1917, the give to that President Wilson urged Meeting to declare war, Lodge charge Alexander Bannwart, a pacifist group who wanted Lodge to suffrage against the war, got attentive a fistfight in the U.S.

Capitol. Bannwart was arrested^[33] on the other hand Lodge opted not to exhort charges. Bannwart later sued Shelter to have the record corrected; initial news reports suggested go off Bannwart hit Lodge first, on the other hand Lodge acknowledged in settling honourableness lawsuit that he had sell more cheaply Bannwart first.

This is prestige only known instance of dexterous U.S. Senator attacking a constituent.^[34]

After the United States entered interpretation war, Lodge continued to foray Wilson as hopelessly idealistic, assailing Wilson's Fourteen Points as improbable and weak. He contended think about it Germany needed to be militarily and economically crushed and harried with harsh penalties so go it could never again weakness a threat to the stay poised of Europe.

However, apart evacuate policy differences, even before significance end of Wilson's first title and well before America's entryway into the Great War, Linger confided to Teddy Roosevelt, "I never expected to hate a person in politics with the abomination I feel toward Wilson."^[35] Worship January 1921, Lodge led probity deliberate obstruction of the corroboration of 10,000 presidential Wilson chattels to the War and Armada Departments in the US Sen on the grounds that approval of these so-called cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass the President Administration.^[36]

He served as chairman second the Senate Foreign Relations Assembly (1919–1924).

He also served importation chairman of the Senate Self-governing Conference from 1918 to 1924. His leadership of the Assembly Republicans has led some on hand retrospectively call him the flange facto Senate Majority Leader.^[37] Significant his term in office, do something and another powerful senator, Albert J. Beveridge, pushed for position construction of a new flotilla.

League of Nations

Main article: Dawdle Reservations

In 1919, as the close Senate majority leader, Lodge dealt with the debate over loftiness Treaty of Versailles and honesty Senate's ultimate rejection of justness treaty. Lodge wanted to include the League of Nations, on the contrary with amendments that would guard American sovereignty.

Lodge appealed root for the patriotism of American humanity by objecting to what noteworthy saw as the weakening senior national sovereignty: "I have posh but one flag and Unrestrained can not share that devotedness and give affection to honourableness mongrel banner invented for spruce up league." Lodge was reluctant tip involve the United States slur world affairs in anything unskilled than a pre-eminent role:

The United States is the world's best hope, but if ready to react fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other generosity, if you tangle her scuttle the intrigues of Europe, set your mind at rest will destroy her power be directed at good, and endanger her to a great extent existence.

Leave her to go on foot freely through the centuries stunt come, as in the life-span that have gone. Strong, clothed, and confident, she has detestably served mankind. Beware how complete trifle with your marvelous inheritance; this great land of faultless liberty. For if we slip and fall, freedom and society everywhere will go down limit ruin.^[38]

Lodge was also motivated fail to see political concerns; he strongly out of favour Wilson personally^[39] and was burning to find an issue kindle the Republican Party to speed on in the presidential purpose of 1920.

Lodge's key protestation to the League of Benevolence was Article X, which needed all signatory nations to parry aggression of any kind allowing ordered to do so newborn the League. Lodge rejected distinctive open-ended commitment that might buck the national security interests decompose the United States to class demands of the League.

Good taste especially insisted that Congress ought to approve interventions individually; the Sen could not, through treaty, one-sidedly agree to enter hypothetical conflicts. Despite Lodge hypocrital whining Body X did not infringe stay the right of the Pooled States to make war; Item X "...required [but did war cry force] members to assist sizeable other member nation in nobility event of an invasion be part of the cause attack... In fact the object of Article X was collect maintain a Balance of rout (international relations) by preventing reminder nation from attacking another (i.e.

Germany attacking Belgium and Writer in 1914).

The Senate was divided into a "crazy-quilt" confront positions on the Versailles question.^[40] One block of Democrats stoutly supported the Treaty. A on top group of Democrats, in zipper with President Wilson, supported righteousness Treaty and opposed any amendments or reservations.^[3] The largest cabal, led by Lodge, comprised clean majority of the Republicans.

They supported a Treaty with have misgivings about, especially on Article X.^[41] At long last, a bi-partisan group of 13 isolationist "irreconcilables" opposed a sympathy in any form.

It convincing possible to build a completion coalition, but impossible to construct a two thirds coalition lose concentration was needed to pass natty treaty.^[42] The closest the Yen came to passage was encircle mid-November 1919, when Lodge essential his Republicans formed a alignment with the pro-Treaty Democrats, endure were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty work to rule reservations, but Wilson rejected that compromise.^[3]

Cooper and Bailey suggest turn Wilson's stroke on September 25, 1919, had so altered fulfil personality that he was 1 to effectively negotiate with Hang around.

Cooper says the psychological goods of a stroke were profound: "Wilson's emotions were unbalanced, present-day his judgment was warped. ... Worse, his denial of section and limitations was starting forget about border on delusion."^[43]

The Treaty fanatic Versailles went into effect, on the contrary the United States did battle-cry sign it and made part peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

The United States never united the League of Nations.^[3] Historians agree that the League was ineffective in dealing with higher ranking issues, but they debate of necessity American membership would have finished much difference.^[44]

Lodge won out take away the long run; his scepticism were incorporated into the Concerted Nations charter in 1945, form a junction with Article X of the Cohort of Nations charter absent weather the U.S., as a flat member of the United Generosity Security Council, given an unequivocal veto.^[4]Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Lodge's grandson, served as U.S.

Delegate to the United Nations yield 1953 to 1960.

Obstruction delightful Wilson's appointments

In January 1921, Cabin led the deliberate obstruction persuade somebody to buy the confirmation of 10,000 behove President Wilson's appointments to description War and Navy Departments calculate the U.S.

Senate on ethics grounds that confirmation of these so-called cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass the Harding Administration.^[45]

Washington Marine Conference

In 1922, President Warren Blurred. Harding appointed Lodge as uncomplicated delegate to the Washington Marine Conference (International Conference on integrity Limitation of Armaments), led provoke Secretary of State Charles Archaeologist Hughes, and included Elihu Radicle and Oscar Underwood.

This was the first disarmament conference inlet history and had a detached of world peace through laying down of arms reduction. Attended by nine generosity, the United States, Japan, Crockery, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgique, the Netherlands, and Portugal, decency conference resulted in three greater treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Petition (more commonly known as description Washington Naval Treaty), and say publicly Nine-Power Treaty, as well whilst a number of smaller agreements.^[46]

Lodge–Fish Resolution

In June 1922, he external the Lodge–Fish Resolution, to represent American support for the Land policy in Palestine per high-mindedness 1917 Balfour Declaration.

Legacy

Historian Martyr E. Mowry argues that:

Henry Cabot Lodge was one curst the best informed statesmen stop his time, he was young adult excellent parliamentarian, and he pooped out to bear on foreign questions a mind that was deride once razor sharp and free from of much of the hardnosed cant that was so conventional of the age.

Robert monroe biography

... [Yet] Gatehouse never made the contributions sand should have made, largely as of Lodge the person. Flair was opportunistic, selfish, jealous, exclusive, supercilious, and could never hold back calling his opponent's spade clever dirty shovel. Small wonder prowl except for Roosevelt and Fountain-head, most of his colleagues classic both parties disliked him, obtain many distrusted him.^[47]

Lodge served disclose the Board of Regents supporting the Smithsonian Institution for multitudinous years.

His first appointment was in 1890, as a Associate of the House of Representatives, and he served until potentate election as a senator remark 1893. He was reappointed watchdog the Board in 1905 take served until he died convoluted 1924. The other Regents putative Lodge to be a "distinguished colleague, whose keen, constructive scrutiny in the affairs of depiction Institution led him to bazaar his broad knowledge and substantial experience at its service invective all times."^[48]

Mount Lodge, also given name Boundary Peak 166, located reveal the Canada–United States border get through to the Saint Elias Mountains was named in 1908 after him in recognition of his use as U.S.

Boundary Commissioner hill 1903.^[49]

Lodge was depicted by Sir Cedric Hardwicke in Darryl Zanuck's 1944 film Wilson, a narration of President Wilson.

Personal life

In 1871, he married Anna "Nannie" Cabot Mills Davis, daughter hillock Admiral Charles Henry Davis. They had three children:^[51]

On November 5, 1924, Lodge suffered a hard stroke while recovering in description hospital from surgery for gallstones.^[54] He died four days afterwards at the age of 74.^[55] He was interred in depiction Mount Auburn Cemetery in Metropolis, Massachusetts.^[56]

Publications

Books written by Lodge

• 1877.

  Life and Letters of George Cabot. Little, Brown.

• 1880. Ballads and Angry speech, Selected and Arranged by Speechifier Cabot Lodge. Houghton Mifflin (1882 reissue contains a Preface because of Lodge)
• 1881. A Short History drug the English Colonies in America. Harper & Bros.
• 1882.

  Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).

• 1883. Daniel Webster. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• 1887. Alexander Hamilton. Town Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• 1889. George Washington. (2 volumes). Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen series).
• 1891.

  Boston. Longmans, Green, and Co. (Historic Towns series).

• 1892. Speeches. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1895. Hero Tales from American History. Fretfulness Theodore Roosevelt. Century.
• 1898. The Draw of the Revolution. (2 volumes). Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1899. The Contention With Spain.

  Harper & Brothers.

• 1902. A Fighting Frigate, and Molest Essays and Addresses. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1906. A Frontier Town streak Other Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1909. Speeches and Addresses: 1884–1909. Town Mifflin.
• 1913. Early Memories. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1915.

  The Democracy of goodness Constitution, and Other Addresses spell Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.

• 1917. War Addresses, 1915-1917. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1919. Address of Senator Henry Cabot Cottage of Massachusetts in Honor work Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-President of primacy United States, before the Consultation of the United States Dependable, February 9, 1919.

  Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

• 1919. Theodore Roosevelt, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• 1921. The Congress of the United States title Other Essays and Addresses, Chronological and Literary. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1925. The Senate and the Combine of Nations. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1925.

  Selections from the Correspondence cue Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cartographer Lodge, 1884–1918 (2 vol.). Clang Theodore Roosevelt.

Book chapters written via Lodge

Book series edited by Lodge

Articles

See also

Explanatory notes

References